Insects of all stripes are in the midst of a vanishing act, a catastrophic sleight-of-hand occurring so rapidly that scientists can’t keep up. Things get even trickier when you consider that insects have a complex life cycle with eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. Are they all disappearing at equal rates, or are some faster than others? Few people have checked.

Although caterpillars spend most of their time out of reach, there’s at least one way to estimate their abundance: their poop! Larvae continuously excrete the digested remnants of decimated leaves in the form of pellets, which drop to the forest floor. Belitz put out funnels attached to collection jars beneath trees at each site. By weighing the amount of poop that fell inside each week, he calculated rough estimates of how many caterpillars there were.

By the end of the year, they’d collected more than 35,000 moths, which they categorized as macro- or micro-moths. The first group includes well-known species like luna and io moths, which have comparatively large wings and are able to travel great distances. Micro moths — in this case, considered to be anything 10 millimeters or less in length — included the innumerable leaf-rollers, plant-borers and grass moths, with cloak-like wings and colors that come in a mind-boggling variety of beiges and browns.

The distinction between large and small is important. Larger moths are better equipped to navigate fragmented habitats and are more likely to escape from a heat dome if it becomes too hot. Micro-moths are restricted to smaller areas, which may make them more vulnerable to temperature swings.

The results showed a strong pattern of decline among moths of all sizes and life stages from rural to urban areas.

A closer look at the macromoths alone revealed that, contrary to expectations, larger macromoths fared worse than than those that were smaller. This runs counter to a previous study conducted in Belgium, which showed the opposite pattern.

Belitz suspects the difference in average temperature between temperate Europe and subtropical Florida is the culprit. Large moths must expend more energy to keep cool than those that are small. Similar patterns have been seen in other insects, Belitz said.

“Generally, in arthropods, urbanization selects for smaller body size because there’s less metabolic stress.”

They also found that moths with a varied diet were better suited to city life than those with refined palates. Some caterpillars feed on a single species of plant and are among the first to disappear when an area is developed. Moths whose larva can get by with several different plant species are more resilient in the face of urbanization.

Most worryingly of all, the team took samples only from protected areas yet still observed marked declines.

“You might think that you’re looking at a natural environment when you walk into a city park, because it looks intact,” Guralnick said. “The truth is, what you see is a completely different community than those that exist in places like wildlife management areas.”

Alachua County is also relatively undeveloped compared with other parts of Florida. The domino-effect of biodiversity loss in a part of the state that maintains hundreds of acres of protected land bodes ill for other cities.

“It’s shocking to see how strong these declines are in a city that’s not deeply urbanized,” Guralnick said. “We’re talking town-sized, as opposed to something like New York City.”

But all is not lost, Belitz said. Moths and other insects still eke out an existence on the margins of urban areas, and increasing their numbers is, in some ways, as simple as creating the right environment for them, which anyone can do.

“Native plants are a really important way to increase biodiversity,” he said. “You can increase the number of pollinators in your yard by growing host plants.”

Light pollution in urban environments also disrupts the internal navigation system of many insects. “It creates ecological traps, where moths are drawn to light and then get picked off by bats. Turning out lights at night is a truly actionable thing people can do that has a large, positive effect for insects and other animals.”

The study was published in the journal Global Change Biology.